Composition And Water Treatment
In this article we cover the chemistry of water hardness, methods used to remove hardness, and the composition of some important everyday and industrial substances. This includes: Hardness Of Water Hardness of water is the characteristic by which water prevents the formation of lather with soap. Water becomes hard due to the presence of salts […]
Atoms And Molecules
The concept of atoms and molecules developed gradually through the ideas of philosophers and scientists. Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad proposed that if matter is divided continuously, a stage would come when further division would not be possible. He called these smallest particles Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher Maharishi Pakudha Katyayama suggested that these particles generally exist […]
Carbon And Its Compound
Carbon is one of the most important non-metals. Its symbol is C and its atomic number is 6. Carbon is present in the Earth’s crust in the form of minerals and in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. According to the PDF: All living things are made up of carbon or carbon-containing compounds. Many substances used […]
Acids, Bases And Salts
Acids, bases and salts are important chemical substances used in daily life, laboratories and industries. This chapter explains how acids and bases are identified, how they react, what pH means, how salts are classified and why some important salts like sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda and Plaster of Paris are useful. Indicators […]
Chemical Reaction And Equation
A chemical reaction takes place when different substances react and a chemical change occurs. Examples: In these examples, substances undergo permanent change and new substances are formed. Chemical Reaction A chemical reaction is a process that transforms one or more substances into new substances. General form: A + B → C Here: Reactant A reactant […]
Structure Of Atom
Matter contains charged particles. The attractive force shown in static electricity and the conduction of electricity through substances gave evidence that atoms are not simple indivisible particles. The study of atomic structure mainly includes: Electrical Nature Of Particles In Matter The electrical nature of matter became clear from experiments related to static electricity and discharge […]
Separation Technique
In chemistry, many substances around us are found as mixtures. A mixture may contain solids, liquids or gases mixed together. To use or study a substance properly, its components often need to be separated. Separation techniques are methods used to separate the components of a mixture on the basis of their physical properties. These physical […]
Is Matter Around Us Pure? – Classification of Matter
In daily life, most of the substances around us are not pure. They are usually mixtures of two or more substances. Chemically, matter can be classified into: A pure substance contains only one kind of particles, while a mixture contains two or more kinds of particles. Substance A substance is one or more components that […]
Matter In Our Surrounding
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Hydrogen, oxygen, sugar, sand, air and water are examples of matter. In early times, Greek and Indian thinkers explained matter through basic elements. Greek philosophers classified matter into four basic elements: Indian philosophers classified matter into five basic elements: In modern science, matter is classified in […]
Metals And Non-Metals
Metals and non-metals differ mainly in the way they gain or lose electrons. Metals are elements that lose electrons and form positive ions. They are also called electropositive elements. Atoms of metals usually have 1 to 3 electrons in their outermost shell. Examples: Sodium loses one electron to form sodium ion: Na → Na⁺ + […]